Research specifically focusing on Black women—a population at higher risk for lupus—found that five or more episodes of severe physical abuse were associated with a 2.37 times higher incidence of the disease.
Exposure to severe stressors during developmental years can alter immune function, leading to chronic inflammation and increased cytokine release. spanking lupus link
This large-scale study of over 67,000 women found that those with the highest exposure to physical and emotional maltreatment had a 2.21 times higher risk of incident SLE. spanking lupus link